Electrical translating means and variable-inductor transducer therefor



Nov. 28, 1950 H. P. KALMUS smcmcm. mmswrmc umus AND VARIABLE-INDUCTOR mnsnucsa THEREFOR Original Filed June 10, 1943 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 gcoppan 2.4 FIG. 3

A A U C WORKING 3 PW Axls 6 Z g INVENTOR HENRY Ff. KALM US La 2 W HIS ATTORNEY MOTION (M M Nov. 28, 1950 us 2 1,689

H. P. KALM ,53 ELECTRICAL TRANSLATING MEANS AND VARIABLE-INDUCTOR TRANSDUCER THEREFOR Original Filed June 10, 1943 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIG. 5

FIG.

20 IZOA I40 COPPER IRON I42 43 lllA lllB IRON INVENTOR HENRY P. KALMUS HIS ATTORNEY Nov. 28, 1950 r H. P. KALMUS 2,531,639

ELECTRICAL TRANSLATING MEANS AND VARIABLE-INDUCTOR mnsnucaa THEREFOR 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 Original Filed June 10, 1943 ll 76A IRON onq

FIG.

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INVENTOR HENRY P KALMUS BYy HIS ATTORNEY Nov. 28, 1950 H. P. KALMUS 2,531,689

ELECTRICAL TRANSLATING MEANS AND VARIABLE-INDUCTOR TRANSDUCER 'I'l-IEREFOR Original Filed June 10, 1943 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 has HENRY P. KALMUS HIS ATTORBEY Patented Nov. 28, 1950 ELECTRICAL TRAN SLATING MEANS AND VARIABLE-INDUCTOR TRANSDUCER THEREFOR Henry P. Kalmus, Chicago, Ill., assignor to Zenith Radio Corporation, a corporation of Illinois Original application June 10, 1943, Serial No. 490,296, now Patent No. 2,473,650, dated June 21, 1949. Divided and this application July 12, 1947, Serial No. 760,676

18 Claims. (oi. 332-2) This application is a division of the copending application Serial No. 490,296 filed June 10, 1943, now issued as U. S, Patent 2,473,650, dated June 21, 1949, to the present applicant and assigned to the same assignee as the present application.

This invention relates to a variable inductance coil particularly useful with apparatus wherein it is desired to produce predetermined inductance variations as the coil is moved or to vary the resonant frequency of a circuit in a predetermined manner in accordance with movement of the inductance coil.

In many instances it is desirable to move an element of an electrical circiut and to produce linear electrical variations in the circuit in accordance with linear movement of the element. This is particularlytrue in frequency modulation apparatus wherein the element may form one element of a tuned circuit, and especially where it is desired that linear movement of the element should cause linear changes in resonant frequency of a circiut over a range corresponding to the range traversed by the instantaneous intensity of a signal in accordance with which there is displacement. of such element.

In a phonograph pickup unit it is desirable in many instances to reproduce lateral, or hill and dale, recordings by varying the operating frequency of an associated electrical circuit, In that case the instantaneous resonant frequency of the circuit should bear a linear relationship to the amount of lateral, or hill and dale, displacement of a stylus in a groove of the recording.

Still another problem is that'laterally cut recordings may be reproduced when they are mounted eccentrically on the rotating spindle and hill and dale recordings may be reproduced when the recording is in a warped condition. In such cases where the reproducing, or tone, arm translates the record groove undulations into a frequency change, very large changes of frequency may be produced at a low speed or at a low frequency less than 100 cycles, by such eccentricity or warping. Such large, low frequency, frequency deviations are undesirable primarily because of limitations in most frequency modulation reproducers, which commonly include a frequency deviation responsive device or frequency discriminator which produces a voltage whose instantaneous intensity is linearly proportional to the instantaneous frequency deviation of a wave, but only over a limited frequency range. It is therefore desirable that the effect of such eccentricity or warping upon the frequency deviation produced by the tone arm should be el minated.

In most instruments, for instance, in gauges, electric meters, etc., it is usually desirable that the indication of the instrument bear a linear relationship to the quantity being measured so that the instrument may be easily calibrated or indications thereof interpolated or extrapolated.

In a frequency modulation system having a microphone responsive to sound intensities, the response of the microphone should vary in a predetermined manner with the amplitude of sound variations impressed thereon, as otherwise there vis loss of fidelity.

An object of my invention is to provide a new and improved phonograph pickup.

It is also an object of my invention to provide an improved element in a resonant circuit, in which the displacement of the element produces corresponding substantially linear change in resonant frequency of the resonant circuit.

Another object of this invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus for use in a gauge.

Still another object of this invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus for use in telemetering.

Another object of this invention is to provide an improved microphone.

Another object of my invention is to provide an improved phonograph pickup not only for use with records which are laterall cut but also with records having hill and dale impressions thereon, said pickup being non-responsive to hill and dale variations when used for reproducing laterally cut records and vice versa.

Another object of this invention is to provide an improved phonograph pickup unit incorporating combined inductance and capacitance changing means.

Another object of this invention is to provide an improved position responsive inductance unit having means associated therewith for assuring predetermined changes in inductance for corresponding changes in the position of the induct- ,ance unit.

The features of my invention which I believe to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. to its organization and manner of operation, to-

gether with further objects and advantages there- I of, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 shows apparatus embodying the principle of my invention;

Figure 2 shows apparatus for receiving signals sent in accordance with my invention;

My invention itself, both as Figure 3 is a graphical representation of certain characteristics of nw invention;

Figure 4 is a practical embodiment of one form of my invention;

Figure 5 is a side view in elevation of a portion of the apparatus shown in Figure 4;

Figure 6 shows a phonograph pickup embodying the invention;

Figure 7 shows a section through a microphone embodying my invention;

Figures 8 and 9 show my invention embodied in an improved gauge;

Figure 10 shows a modified form of the phonograph pickup of Figure 6;

Figure 11 shows my invention embodied in a telemetering arrangement;

Figure 12 shows a modified inductance unit;

Figure 13 shows another practical embodiment of my invention;

Figures 14 and 15 show still another embcdi= ment of my invention, Figure 14 being a sectional view on line ifl-i i of Figure 15 and Figure 15 being a sectional view taken on line i5=-li of Figure 14;

Figure 16 is a modification of the unit shown in Figures 1a and 15 embodying my invention;

Figures 17 and 18 show yet another embodiment of my invention, Figure 17 being a sectional view taken substantially on line l'il1 of Figure 18 and Figure 18 being a sectional view taken substantially on line l8-i8 of Figure 17;

Figure 19 is a sectional view taken through the center of another phonographic pickup unit 'embodying my invention; and

Figures 20, 21 and 22 show still other embodiments of my invention.

Referring to the drawings wherein like reference numerals designate like parts in all figures, Figure 1 shows a radio frequency transmitter adapted to transmit frequency modulated signals to a frequency modulation receiver, such as that shown'in Figure 2. The frequency of the wave transmitted from antenna I0 is determined by the reactances of the oscillator resonant circuit including inductance H in parallel with a circuit in which parallel connected capacitances l2 and ii are in series with capacitance H. The discharge device 15 is connected in a modified Colpitts oscillator circuit.

.onant circuit is connected through condenser I9 to the grid of device l5 and the cathode is connected between capacitances l3 and i4. Energy is supplied to the oscillator from voltage source or battery I! which is connected in a series circuit with choke coil I8 between the anode and cathode of discharge device l5. The antenna i0 is connected directly to the anode of discharge device l5 and radiates energy having a frequency determined by the resonant circuit heretofore described.

In the frequency determining circuit the coil II is made with a small inductance and the cacapacity. the two reactances resonating at the frequency of the wave transmitted. Capacitances I2. I 3 and H are purposely made large so that the effects of varying amounts of stray capacitance are relatively small. as when the coil 1 I is touched or moved manually. Resistance 20 connected between the grid and cathode of discharge device 15 serves to maintain the grid of tube I5 at a definite direct potential with respect to its cathode and thus stabilizes the operation of the discharge device. Coil II is adapted to move, as indicated by the arrows in Figure 1, with respect to the copper and powdered iron discs HA and l EB in a manner hereinafter described.

The apparatus shown in Fig. 2 serves as a receiver and frequency discriminator for frequency modulation signals. which are received from antenna id in Fig. 1. Continuous currents propor= tional to frequency changes in the mean frequency of the carrier Wave transmitted from antenna iii are indicated by direct current meter 21 and alternating voltages of amplitude corresponding to the frequency of changes in the carrier frequency appear across the terminals 22 and 23.

The particular receiver or discriminator cir lation signals are received by antenna 24 and are impressed across a radio frequency transformer having a primary winding 25 and a secondary winding 26 tuned respectively by capacitances 21 and 28 to the mean or carrier frequency about which there are excursions of instantaneous carrler frequency. Coils 25 and 26 are loosely coupled and are excited at the frequency at which the oscillator of Fig. 1 operates when coil II is in its normal. or undisplaced, position. At that frequency, the voltage appearing across coil 25 is 90 out of phase with the voltage appearing across coil 25.

The purpose of the receiver or discriminator is to produce signals of amplitude corresponding to frequency variations imposed upon the carrier frequency in response to motion of coil II which changes the carrier from its means frequency. In order to cancel out effects due to amplitude variations of the carrier, the receiver or discriminator is made differentially acting by supplying a voltage, substantially in phase with the voltage appearing across coil 25, to the center tap of secondary winding 26. This in practice is done by connecting capacitance 33 of low reactance between antenna 24 and the center tap of winding 26. With this connection, and with the cathode of diode 29 grounded for high frequency currents through capacity 35, a voltage appears across diode 29 which is equal to the vectorial met the voltage between antenna 24 and ground and half the 90 voltage induced in coil 26. The opposite ends of coil sections 26A and 26B are connected respectively to the anodes of diodes, or unidirectionally conducting devices, 29 and 30. The cathodes of rectifier devices 29 and 30 are grounded for high frequency currents, due to the fact that capacitance 35, of low reactance at the carrier or mean frequency, is connected between the cathodes and to ground. Also, the cathodes of rectifier or discharge devices 29 and 39 are connected in a series circuit including the equal resistances 3| and 32. Lead line 36 connected between the center tap of coil 26 and the connection between resistances 3| and 32 reprepacitances l2, l3 and H are of relatively high sents alow resistance path for direct current flow between the output elements of the discharge devices 29 and 30.

With the balanced circuit thus far described it is clear that, when a signal is applied to antenna 24 with a frequency corresponding to the unmodulated carrier or mean frequency, the unidirectional rectified potentials appearing across equal resistances 3| and 32 are equal and are of such polarity that their net effect is zero on a continuous current meter 2|, which is connected in parallel with the series circuit including those equal resistances. Resistance 34 in series with meter 2| serves to decrease the sensitivity of meter 2!.

When a carrier wave of shifted frequency is received on antenna 24, the rectified direct potentials appearing across resistances 3| and 32 are of unequal intensity and their net effect is to cause current to flow through meter 2| in a degree and direction depending upon the degree and direction of frequency shift of the carrier wave.

The inductance of coil II in Fig. 1 depends upon its position with respect to the discs of copper and powdered iron. correspondingly, the frequency of radiation transmitted by antenna I8 is dependent upon the position of coil II. The receiver and discriminator shown in Fig. 2 is so balanced that no current flows in meter 2| when coil l l is equidistant from the copper disc and the powdered iron disc shown in Fig. 1. Displacements of coil H from the equidistant position cause corresponding deflections on instrument 2 l One of the main objects of this invention is to provide an inductance coil which changes in inductance in a predetermined manner with its displacement. This is accomplished by mounting the coil so that its magnetic field encompasses a member having magnetic permeability greater than air and also encompasses a member having low resistance for the flow of electric current. In the absence of the powdered iron disc shown in Fig. 1, as coil I 4 moves toward the copper disc, the effective inductance of coil ll decreases. In the absence of the copper disc shown in Fig. l, as the coil H moves toward the powdered iron disc, the effective inductance of coil ll increases. Changes in effective inductance of coil ll cause corresponding changes in frequencies transmitted by antenna Ill.

This behavior is best illustrated in Fig. 3 wherein curve A represents the variation of transmitted frequency, in the direction of the arrow, when coil H is moved away from the copper disc, the powdered iron disc being absent. Curve B represents the variation of transmitted frequency, in the direction of the arrow, as the coil l l is moved away from the powdered iron disc, the copper disc being absent. Ordinate FO represents the frequency of transmission when both the copper disc and the powdered iron disc are absent. Curve C represents the variation of transmitted frequency when both copper and powdered iron discs are present and when coil H is moved relative to both the copper disc and powdered iron disc. Ordinate FW represents the carrier, or mean, frequency at which the transmitter in Fig. 1 normally operates when coil l I is in its normal or undisplaced position, and the meter 2| in Fig. 2 reads zero.

,When interpreting Fig. 3 it is helpful to bear in mind that, when coil H is moved toward one of the discs (either copper or powdered iron), it moves away from the other disc. Curves A and B in Fig. 3 are non-linear and curve A has a positive curvature, whereas curv B has a negative curvature about equal in magnitude to the positive curvature of curve A. That is, when only one of the discs is employed the antenna I0 radiates frequencies not linearly proportional to displacement of coil I l, and that non-linear proportionality is opposite for the two members HA and HB. However, when both the copper disc [IA and the powdered iron disc B are used, linear movements of coil II cause corresponding substantially linear changes in frequency of the wave radiated by antenna I 0. Of course, every physical inductance coil possesses the properties of inductance and resistance. The magnitude of both of these properties of the coil are aifected by the presence in the alternating magnetic field thereof of bodies possessing either magnetic or electricity conducting properties. That is, when a body such as copper is disposed in the alternating magnetic field of the inductance coil, due to the fiow of eddy currents, the inductanc of the coil is reduced but the effective resistance of the coil is increased and, consequently when and as the coil moves away from the copper body the coil inductance is increased but the effective ooii resistance is decreased. Also, when a body such as a powdered iron core is disposed in th alternating magnetic field of the inductance coil, due to the permeability and hysteresis loss in the iron core, the inductance of the coil as well as its resistance is increased and, consequently when and as the coil moves away from the iron core the coil inductance as well as the coil resistance is decreased. With these fundamental principles in mind, it is noted that in each. one of the embodiments of my invention shown herein, where there is relative movement between an inductance coil and means (magnetic and copper bodies) possessing both magnetic and electricity conducting properties, the inductance is increased or decreased as the case may be depending upon the direction of relative movement, in a cumulative manner, but the effective resistance being changed in a differential manner tends to remain substantially constant during such relative movement. Inasmuch as the effective resistance of the relatively movable coil tends to remain constant, the modulation of the oscillator circuit including said coil is predominantly of the frequency type and the amount of amplitude modulation is much less than that which would be present it either the copper or the powdered iron were taken out of the magnetic field of the coil. Hence, the present apparatus has theadvantage that an amplitude limiting device of the type shown with similar apparatus in the copending application of Chalon W. Carnahan, Serial Number 406,431, filed August 11, 1941, now U. S. Patent No. 2,444,218, dated June 29, 1948, and assigned to the same assignee as the present application, is no longer deemed necessary. for good reproduction of recordings and hence such limiting device is not shown herein in the phonograph arrangements.

Fig, 4 shows a practical construction embodying my invention. A circular inductance coil l i is snugly held in a recess in vibratile element 40, which has a hole 40A (see Fig. 5) therethrough for the passage of threaded bolt 4i, which bolt rigidly joins spacers 42 and 43 and the ends of parallelly extending support members 44 and 45 with the vibratile element 40. One of the parallelly extending members 44 has a circular opening through its free end adapted to embrace and hold a solid copper cylinder 46. The other parallelly extending member 45 has a 7 similar cylindrical opening through its free end adapted to embrace and hold a solid cylinder 41 of powdered iron, such as is commonly formed of iron particles cemented with a suitable binder. The copper cylinder 46, circular coil II and cylindrical iron core 41 are mounted coaxially. The

' vibratile element 40, parallelly extending members 44 and 45, and spacers 42 and 43 may be of polystyrene or other similar plastic material. vibratile element 4|! is made sufliciently long and of such small cross section so as to follow undulations in a laterally cut phonograph record when the stylus 48 traverses the groove of the laterally cut phonograph record. In other words, the arm 40 is made inherently flexible and resilient enough to allow movement of inductance coil relative to the cylinders 46 and 47.

As seen from Figs. 4 and 5, the vibratile element 40 has a portion 403 of reduced cross section so that the vibratile element has a large compliance for horizontal movement of the element 40 in Fig. 4 and a small compliance for movement of the stylus; transverse to the plane of the paper in Fig. 5. Thus, the arm 40, due to its shape, responds more readily to laterally cut undulations in a phonograph record thanto hill and dale cut undulations in the same phonograph record.

Fig. 6 shows a tone arm in which the vibratile inductance unit shown in Figs. 4 and 5 may be mounted. The tone arm proper of Fig. 6, in conventional manner, is mounted for pivotal movement about a pivot (not shown), so that it may freely move across a record toward its center as the stylus 48 moves in a convolution or spiral groove of a record R. The tone arm shown in Fig. 6 comprises rigid supporting member 5|,

which rotates around the vertical pivot (not shown) in conventional manner, and a filter element 52 connecting the supporting member 5| to a head 53. Head 53 encloses the variable inductance unit shown in Fig. 4. The unit shown in Fig. 4 may be fastened to the head 53 by means of screws 54, which are threaded in tapped holes 55 (Fig. 4) in the spacers 42 and 43.

In this embodiment of my invention the filter element 52 comprises a thin strip of metal lying in a vertical plane and having its opposite ends rigidly fixed to member 5| and head 53, respectively. The compliance of filter element 52 bears definite relationship to the compliance of vibratie element 40, as is hereinafter explained.

The vibratile element 40 is stiff enough, the filter element 52 is weak enough, so that, taken with the mass of head 53, when the vibratile element 40 oscillates horizontally in Fig. 4 at a frequency less than a predetermined low frequency, for example, 100 cycles per second, the head 53 moves with respect to member 5| at the corresponding low frequency without relative movement between vibratile element 40 and parallelly extending members 44 and 45 (see Fig. 4) carried by head 53. When the vibratile element 40 moves laterally in Fig. 4 at a rate greater than the predetermined low frequency, the filter element 52 has not sufficient compliance and mass of head 53 is too great to allow head 53 to move with respect to member 5| and, as a consequence, the vibratile element 40 moves relative to the parallelly extending members 44 and 45 carried by head 53 at frequencies above the predetermined low frequency.

Thus, by proper design of vibratile element 40. head 53, and filter element 52, frequencies corresponding to wow" frequencies encountered in playing phonograph records are substantially eliminated without loss of fidelity.

With the tone arm construction shown in Figs.

4-6. hill and dale imperfections in a record cause little effect on the inductance of coil ll, since the vibratile element is much more flexible for lateral movement of the element 40 in Fig. 4 than for movement transverse to the plane of the paper in Fig. 5, and since substantially equal and opposite inductance changes are produced in coil H by the presence of copper cylinder 46 and powdered iron cylinder 41 as a result of movement of the vibratile element 40 in a, direction corresponding to hill and dale undulations. The mechanical filter arrangement per se is disclosed and claimed in my parent application, Serial No. 490,296, filed June 10, 1943, and assigned to the same assignee as the present application.

Since the frequency determining circuit including coil ii is of the high capacity type, substantial changes of stray, or body capacitances have little effect on the frequency of the wave transmitted. Consequently. if desired, some or all of the elements shown in Fig. 1 may be mounted in the tone arm head 53. The size of present day vacuum tubes or discharge devices permits the tube or device 55 of Fig. i to be mounted in the head of a tone arm, along with a high capacitly tuned circuit, similar to the one shown in Fig.

Fig. 7 shows my invention embodied in a microphone. Coil rigidly mounted, for example, by gluing, on diaphragm 60, which moves in response to sound waves impinging thereon, is disposed between adjustable powdered iron disc 6| and adjustable copper disc 62 in accordance with the principles heretofore described in connection with Fig. 3. Movements of diaphragm are refiected as changes in effective inductance of coil The spacin of the iron disc 6| and copper disc 62 may be adjusted by loosening the respective lock nut 63 or 64 and turning the corresponding screw threaded mounting member 65 or 66 in threaded portions 61 and 68 of dished circular covers H and 12. Flexible diaphragm 60 is circular and is held in cooperating circular opening 13A of ring 13, which ring is held in clamped position between covers H and 12. Diaphragm G0 is fastened to ring shaped member 13 by gluing or other suitable means. The coil ll of Fig. '7 may be connected so as to modulate the frequency of a transmitter as shown in Fig. 1 in response to the impingement of sound waves.

Fig. 8 shows my invention embodied in a gauge. The gauge has a fixed base 15 adapted to hold a test piece (not shown), whose size corresponds very nearly to the distance between the base 15 and a pivoted gauge finger 16. An extension 16A is integrally formed with the gauge finger I6, and is forked so as to hold iron disc I1 and copper disc 18 in spaced relationship with inductance coil therebetween. Coil II is fastened to an extension 15A of fixed base 15. In this instance the coil is fixed and the iron disc 11 and copper disc 18 move jointly relative to the coil II. In accord with principles heretofore described, displacements of finger 16 are accompanied by predetermined changes in the inductance of coil N.

Fig. 9 shows an electrical circuit for indicating changes in the inductance of coil l in the gauge arrangement shown in Fig. 8. The inductance coil H, whose effective inductance is varied by displacement of the gauge finger I6, is included in the frequency determining circuit of a modified Colpitts oscillator. The frequency of oscil- In the circuit shown in Fig. 9, provision is made for varying the sensitivity of the gauge by moving switch 84. The inductance units ll, 8|

and 82 are so designed that the average frequency of oscillating current in the discharge device 80 (that is, the frequency when coil II is in normal position) is not affected by the position of switch 84. When switch 84 is in the lower position, engaging the lower contacts, the frequency of oscillating currents in discharge device 80 is determined substantially by the resonant circuit including only the inductance H and capacitances 83 and 88.

When switch 84 is in the upper position. as shown in Fig. 9, whereby inductance coil 8| is connected in parallel with variable inductance II and in series with inductance 82, with series capacitances 83 and 98 in parallel with inductances 8| and 82, the gauge is less sensitive than when the switch 84 is in the downward position. This is so because, when inductance is connected in Series with inductance 82, small changes in inductance produce small changes in the total net inductance of the resonant circuit; whereas when switch 84 is in its downward position, inductance II is the only inductance in the circuit, and similar small changes in inductance II are accompanied by larger'changes in the frequency of oscillatory current in discharge device 80;

Power is supplied to the discharge device 88 from a source 85 of operating current, that source being connected between the cathode and anode of discharge device 80 through the primary 88 of transformer T.

Coupling capacitance 81, connected between the anode of discharge device 80 and a terminal of either one of the two resonant circuits heretofore described (the particular connection being determined by the position of switch 84), serves to maintain the anode of discharge device 80 at the high frequency potential of that terminal of the connected resonant circuit.

Coupling capacitance 88, connected between the grid of discharge device 80 and the other terminal of the connected resonant circuit, serves to maintain that grid at the high frequency potential of that other terminal.

Grid resistor 88A, connected between the grid of discharge device 80 and its cathode, serves to maintain the direct current potential of the grid of discharge device 88 at a negative potential, so as to assure proper operation of discharge device 80. The cathode of device 80 is connected between condensers 83 and 99 and is thus maintained at a high frequency potential intermediate the potentials at the terminals of the resonant circuit which is connected between the anode and grid of device 80.

It is important to note that the frequency of the oscillating current in the primary 86 of transformer T is not afiected by the position of switch 88, when coil 3! is equidistant from its associated powdered iron and copper discs. That is, the mean frequency of oscillating currents in primary 86 of transformer T is not affected by the position of switch. The sensitivity of the gauge is, however, aifected by the position of switch 88, which may be in either one of two positions.

The secondary 88 of coupling transformer 'I' is tuned to the mean frequency by means of capacitance 88A, and the voltage appearing across the tuned secondary 98 is appliedbetween the grid of discharge device 88 and itscathode through serially connected coupling: capacitance .98.

Discharge device is an amplitude limiter. .The wave from transformer T, transmitted through discharge device in voltage applied between the grid and cathode of discharge devcie 89. That is, the device 89 is adjusted so that it operates between anode current cutoff and maximum anode current when a. wave is impressed on the grid of device 88.-

This is accomp ished by applyin suitable di rect potentials to the control grid and screen grid of the discharge device 88.

potential is supplied to the control grid by virtue of rectified currentflo'wing through grid resisplying the tor 93, which is connected between the control grid and cathode of device 89, so that whenvoltages of peak-to-peak amplitude above a certain predetermined the secondary ative half cycles of the wave impressed on the grid make the grid sufficiently negative with respect to the cathode that anode current is stopped. The screen grid and anode of discharge device 88 are maintained and stabilized at a relatively low constant potential by means of glow discharge tube 84, resistance 88, and condenser 94A, so that, on the positive half cycles of the wave impressed on the grid of device 89, the anode current reaches a maximum intensity beyond which it cannot increase.

Capacitance connected between the screen grid of discharge device 88 and the cathode is of low reactance at carrier frequencies and serves as an effective short circuit for currents of high frequency. Power is supplied to discharge device 88 from voltage source 85 which is connected between the anode and cathode of discharge device 88 through a series circuit including resistance 98 and the parallel tuned circuit 8|, 92. The screen grid of discharge device 89 is maintained at a constant low direct potential by apvoltage drop across the glow discharge device 94 between the screen grid and cathode of the discharge device through serially connected voltage dropping resistance 88A. One important feature of this invention is that in the high sensitivity gauge disclosed only the screen and anode voltages on the limiter tube 88 need be stabilized.

The discriminator in Fig. 9, including coil 92 and condenser 9|, is shown in block form. 'The discriminator shown in Fig. 2 may be employed with the circuit shown in Fig. 9. That is, inductance coil 82 may be coupled to the center tapped coil 26 with the capacitance 33 (Fig. 2) connected to the anode of discharge device 38 instead of to the antenna 24 as in Fig. 2. A direct current meter 91 similar to direct current meter 2| of Fig. 2 gives an indication representative of the deviation from mean frequency of the alternating current in the resonant circuit of which inductance ll forms a part. Since a distype shown in Fig. 2 gives an associated direct current meter in substantial linear proportional relationship to changes from mean frequency, and since the movement of coil ii produces linear changes 89 with its associated circuit and is constant in am- Suitable bias threshold value are induced inwinding 88 of transformer T, negin frequency, the meter 01 has substantially a linear. scale. That is, equal displacements of coil II in the gauge device are accompanied by substantially equal changes in displacement of the pointer on meter 91, and for that reason only a few experimental points are necessary to callbrate the apparatus shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 10 shows a modified filter element of the type shown in Fig. 6. The filter elements 52A and 523, each approximately of one-half the width of filter element 52 in Fig. 6, mechanically join the head 53 to the tone arm extension 5I, so as to produce exactly the same mechanical effect as element 52. In addition, the mechanical filter elements 52A and 52B are supported in spaced relationship to one another so that they 'fii'm a pair of electrical current conductors for the passage of current through the inductance coil I I in the tone arm head 53.

Fig. 11 shows my invention embodied in a telemetering arrangement. In this embodiment, signals representative of power are transmitted over a three-phase alternating current system to a distant point. Variable inductance II in this device is mechanically and rigidly connected to the moving pointer I of a wattmeter W having voltage coils IN and I02 and having current coils I03 and I04. Current coils I03 and I04 are supplied with current from current transformers I05 and I05, respectively, which are energized in accordance with current in two different phases. The current and voltage coils of the wattmeter are connected in the well-known manner for recording wattage with two wattmeters. For a description of this two wattmeter method, see page 130 of Experimental Electrical Engineering by Karapetofl,JohnWiley&Son, 1922. X

The oscillator circuit shown in Fig. 11 is substantially the same as the one shown in Fig. l and like parts are designated by like reference numerals. Condenser IIO serves to couple the output of oscillator discharge device I5 to the low frequency three-phase power line. The frequency of oscillation of the circuit shown in Fig. 11 is determined largely by the reactances of capacitances I3 and I4 and inductance I I.

The inductance coil II is connected in parallel with a series combination of capacitance I0 and capacitance I4 to form a resonant circuit. Capacitance I0 connected between the anode of discharge device I5 and one terminal of the resonant circuit including inductance II and capacitances I0 and I4 serves to transfer voltage variations from the anode through the resonant circuit to the control electrode of discharge'device I5. Capacitance I5 connected between the control electrode of discharge device I5 and the other terminal of the resonant circuit including inductance II and capacitances I3 and I4, serves to impress those voltage ariations from said resonant circuit upon the gr d of discharge device I5. The cathode of device I5 is connected between condensers I5 and I4 so that it remains at an alternating potential intermediate the potentials of the anode and grid of device I5. Resistance 20, connected between the grid of discharge device I5 and its cathode, serves to maintain the grid at a definite negative bias potential with respect to its cathode. Power is supplied to device I5 from voltage source II through a series connected choke coil I0, which forms a low resistance path for direct current but offers a high impedance for the flow of alternating current. The frequency of the signal transmitted over the three-phase power line depends upon the position of wattmeter pointer I00.

Fig. 12 shows a modified vibratile element I20 similar to the vibratile element 40 shown in Fig. 4. In Figs. 4 and 5, the vibratile member 40 carries a coil II entirely within its confines. That is, vibratile member 40 has a circular opening therethrough adapted to' receive the coil II snugly. In Fig. 12 coils IIIA and IIIB are fastened on opposite sides of the arm I20 by some means such as glue or cement. Coils IIIA and IIIB are preferably connected in series, and perform a function like coil II in Fig. 4. The composite vibratfle member, or arm, I20, including coils IIIA and IIIB and stylus 48, has a circular hole I 20.4 therethrough for mounting in a pickup unit in a manner similar to the arrangement shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 13 shows another mounting for a variable inductance unit embodying my invention. The inductance coll II is fastened in a recess in one side of the vibratile member, or arm, I40 having mounted thereon record engaging point or stylus MI. The vibratile element, or arm, I40 is arranged to vibrate about an axis corresponding to the axis of circular coil II, 1. e., its center of gravity, by reason of elastic material I42 and I43 placed between the vibratile element I40 and adjacent powdered iron and copper semicircular discs. Since the vibratile element vibrates about its center of gravity, its effective mass is much smaller than, for instance, the efiective mass of vibratile element 40 (Fig. 4), which does not vibrate about its center of gravity. These semicircular discs of powdered iron and copper are disposed in pairs with one of each pair on each side of coil II, so that, as coil II vibrates about its axis, each coil edge approaches an iron piece and recedes from a coppe piece. A disc-shaped cover I44, of the same insulating material as is vibratile element I40, encloses coil II in vibratile element I40 and also provides a suitable seat for elastic material I43. One of the features of the comitruction shown in Fig. 13 is that the copper and powdered iron semicircular discs adjacent stylus I serve to absorb shock when the stylus MI is pressed upward in Fig. 13 beyond the bottom edge of either one of the adjacent semicircular discs, as by dropping the whole assembly in its tone arm on a non-yielding surface.

In the arrangement shown in Figs. 14 and 15, which are sectional views of the same assembly taken at right angles to each other and on different scales, the vibratile element I50 is adapted to follow undulations in a laterally cut phonograph record. The vibratile element I50, having inductance coil II snugly held in a circular opening therethrough, is suspended within the tone arm head, or housing, I5I by flexible connecting means I52 and I53. Each of the flexible means I52 and I53 may be a resilient wire or thin strip of metal or other resilient material, the in duced stresses remaining in the range of'elasticity.

In the preferred form the flexible connecting means I52 and I53 allows the vibratile element I50 in Fig. 14 to move with greater freedom in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction, whereby the composite pickup unit moves more in response to laterally cut undulations in a phonograph record, than to imperfections in a phonograph record having indentations or mounds thereon corresponding to hill and dale variations. However, due to the arrangement of the discs and coil, the effective inductance of coil II is unaltered by hill and dale movement. The flexible connecting means I52 and I53 may have such compliance as to allow the housing II, within which the element I50 is suspended, to be connected to the free end of filter element 52 in Fig. 6 in place of head 53.

When so mounted, the compliance of springs I52 and I53, which support vibratile element I50, bears a definite relationship to the compliance of filter element 52. That is, the mass of element I 50 and the compliance of springs I52 and I53 are such that record undulations of all desired frequencies cause motion of element I50 with respect to housing I 5|, but the mass of housing I5I and the compliance of spring I52 are such that, at frequencies lower than those desired and corresponding to "wow in phonograph records, the housing I5I moves as a whole together with element I50, so that such low frequency undulations produce no relative movement between vibratile element I50 and housing I5I.

The tone arm head or housing I 5i, shown in Figs. 14 and 15, has a U-sh-aped cross section and upon its inner walls semicircular copper and powdered iron discs like those of Fig. 13 are fastened by suitable means, for example, by means of screws I55. The semicircular copper and powdered iron discs are disposed so that semicircular discs of unlike material are on opposite sides of coil II at the top edge and also at the bottom edge, and so that semicircular discs of unlike material are adjacent the top and bottom coil edges on each side, as shown in Fig. 14. As the coil I I rotates about its center of ravity, each coil edge approaches copper and recedes from iron.

The arrangement shown in Fig. 16 is similar to the arrangement shown in Fig. 14, but in this arrangement elastic material I56 and I51, such as rubber or the like, is disposed between coil I I and the adjacent iron and copper semicircular discs, so as to supplement or be a substitute for the flexible connecting means I52 and I53 shown in Fig. 15. Th elastic members I56 and I51 may have such cross section that the coil edges of vibratile element I50 are more free to move toward or recede from the semicircular discs in Fig. 16 than to move in the vertical direction.

The pickup unit shown in Fig. 16 may, of course, be used with a tone arm having a filter element similar to the element 52 shown in Fig. 6. In that case, the compliance of vibratile element i50 bears a definite relationship to the compliance of the filter element to insure that low frequencies corresponding to wow are not reproduced.

The arrangement shown in Figs. 17 and 18 is adapted to reproduce sound recordings from records having hill and dale impressions thereon. In this arrangement, the springs I59 and I60 have such form that the vibratile element I50 has greater flexibility for vertical movement than for horizontal movement, so that imperfections corresponding to lateral cuts on a phonograph record are reproduced with relatively small amplitude.

It is important to note that semicircular discs of like material are disposed on opposite sides of the top edge and also on the bottom edge of coil II but semicircular discs of unlike material are disposed adjacent the top and bottom coil edges on each side of element I50. As the vibratile element I50 moves in a vertical direction under the influence of hill and dale impressions in a phonograph record, up and down movement of coil I I in element I50 places it alternately nearer copper and nearer iron, so that its inductance alternately decreases and increases, respectively. Furthermore, due to the arrangement of coil II and associated semicircular discs of copper and powdered iron, the inductance of coil II remains substantially unaffected by horizontal movement of coil II, since changes in inductance produced by any one of the semicircular discs is compensated by a corresponding opposite change produced by another semicircular disc.

The parts shown in Figs. 17 and 18, with the exception of flexible connecting means I59 and I60, are similar to corresponding parts shown in Figs. 14 and 15. The flexible connecting means I59 and I60 may be thin strips of metal having a greater resistance to bending along one of its axes than along its other axis. That is, the thin strip lies in a horizontal plane. When the inductance unit II is made responsive to hill and dale recordings by mounting it as shown in Figs. 17 and 18, the filter element 52 (Fig. 6) connected between the tone arm extension SI and head 53 has its transverse axis rotated through and If the flexible connecting means I52, I53 and I59, I 60, shown in Figs 15 and 18, respectively, have substantially the same compliance up and down and sideways, the tone arm head may be readily changed from an arrangement wherein the inductance II is responsive to laterally cut records to one responsive to hill and dale record cuts or vice versa, by interchanging two of the semicircular discs of opposite material on one side of coil I I. This is readily done when fastening means such as screws I55 are used to fasten the semicircular discs adjacent at least one side of coil II.

Fig. 19 shows another arrangement for an inductance coil whose inductance is varied in accordance with lateral cuts on a phonograph record. Half cylinders of copper and powdered iron are fastened to the tone arm portion I62 by means, such as screws I63, with elastic material I64 fastened between the half cylinders. Coil II is mounted on elastic material I64 and bears stylus I65, which is free to move in a horizontal direction following lateral cuts in a phonograph record. When stylus I65 moves horizontally, coil II rocks back and forth over the copper and iron half cylinders. The half cylinders of copper and powdered iron are suitably rounded so as to accommodate movement of coil II and yet assure predetermined changes of effective inductance of coil I I in accordance with principle heretofore described in connection with Fig. 3.

Fig. 20 shows an arrangement for producing predetermined changes in effective inductance of a coil II in accordance with linear movement of a stylus in the sound track of a hill and dale phonograph record. The elements shown in Fig. 20 are similar to those shown in Fig. 14, with the exception that the stylus I58 is turned through an angle of 90. Like parts in Figs. 14 and 20 have like reference numerals. A filter element similar to filter element 52 in Fig. 6 is employed for supporting on the tone arm 5| (Fig. 6) the housing i5]. The transverse axis .of filter element 52 as shown in Fig. 6 must be thereof, as by cement, or it may be sputtered or plated on. Conducting sheet I is of small thickness, so as to have a high electrical resistance. and is semicircular in form to cover .the top left-hand side of vibratile member I50 in Fig. 21. A conducting sheet I1I, preferably of the same shape as sheet I10, mounted, as by sputtering, on insulating member I12 which is adlustably mounted on the inside wall of the tone arm housing I5I by means such as screws I55. Shims (not shown) may be disposed between insulating member I12 and tone arm housing I5I, so as to space the conducting sheets I10 and HI a'predetermined distance corresponding to a desired capacitance between plates I10 and Ill The sheets I10 and Ill form elements of a variable capacitance. The capacitance so formed by sheets I10 and "I may be connected in the electrical circuit of Fig. 1 in the place of capacitances I2 and I3 or I4. In that case, as the stylus I58 moves in a record groove, the inductance of coil II, and the capacitance formed by sheets I10 and "I, vary Jointly and oppositely. In the absence of the iron and copper semicircular discs in Fig. 21, and when the capacitance formed by plates I10 and HI and coil II form a resonant circuit, thevariation of frequency as a function of stylus movement is someeffective inductance of coil II is increased the capacitance formed by sheets I10 and "I decreases and vice versa. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 22, as the inductance of coil II is effectively increased, the capacitance formed by sheets I13 and I14 increases, and as the inductance of coil II is decreased the capacitance formed by sheets I13 and I14 decreases.

The capacitance formed by sheets I10 and "I, or the capacitance formed by sheets I13 and I14. may be connected in the electrical circuit shown in Fig. 1, so as to be in parallel with capacitances I2 and I3 or I4, or may take the place of capacitances I2 and I3 or I4. When so connected, the remaining circuit capacities in Fig. 1 are comparable to the capacitance formed by mutually acting sheets I10 and "I, or I13 and I14.

While I have shown copper and powdered iron members associated with the variable inductance coil II and arranged to cause changes in its inductance upon relative motion, my invention is not limited specifically to the use of those materials. The copper members are representative what like that shown in curve A of Fig. 3. In

accordance with the explanation previously given with Fig. 3, the pickup unit of Fig. 21, in which the coil II is connected with the capacitance formed by plates I10 and HI, may be arranged to cause linear changes in frequency of a circuit as the stylus I58 moves linearly, by causing the net inductance change of coil II as it moves to be non-linear in opposite fashion to the nonlinear change of capacity between plates I10 and I'II.

The elements shown in Fig. 22 are mounted in a manner similar to the manner in which corresponding elements shown in Figs. 14 and 15 and Fig. 21 are mounted. As the stylus I58 moves within a groove in a record, the inductance of coil II and the capacitance formed by relatively movebale sheets I13 and I14,-respectively fastened to coil II and insulating piece I15, vary jointly and correspondingly. Sheets I14 and I13 are preferably of small thickness so as to have high electrical resistance and may either be cemented or sputtered on their respective supporting members, insulating member I15 and coil II. In order to minimize eddy current flow in sheets I13 and I14, those sheets may comprise a plurality of small strips joined at one end. The insulating member I15 is held in the tone arm housing I5I by means such as adjusting screws I55. Shims (not shown) disposed between insulating member I15 and tone arm extension I5I may be used to establish a definitespacing between sheets I13 and I14 when vibratile member I50 is in its midposition. In accordance with the explanation given in connection with Fig. 3, the pickup element shown in Fig. 22 may also be arranged so as to cause linear frequency change in an electrical circuit as the stylus I58 moves linearly.

In the arrangement shown in Fig. 21, as the of members having substantially no magnetic permeability but having a high electrical conductivity. The powdered iron members are representative of members having small electrical conductivity but having substantial magnetic permeability.

In the various modifications of my invention, I have shown means for causing a predetermined variation of inductance of coil 'II so as to cause predetermined frequency changes in a tuned circuit as a function of linear inductance coil movement. In order to produce such changes in frequency of the tuned circuit, the corresponding variation of inductance is not necessarily linear, since the frequency of a tuned circuit varies inversely as the square root of inductance. The variation of inductance in the arrangements herein disclosed is due to the algebraic sum of two distinct variations, i. e., curve C in Fig. 3 is the algebraic sum of curves A and B, and either curve A or curve B or both curves A and B may be changed by suitably dimensioning or spacing the powdered iron and copper members which are associated with coil II. Thus, with the means herein disclosed, the efiective inductance of coil II as a function of its movement may have other desired variations than the particular variation which produces linear changes in the frequency of a tuned circuit. For instance, the effective inductance of coil II may be made to vary linearly with its movement.

While I have shown and described the particular embodiments of my invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from my invention in its broader aspects, and I, there-fore, aim in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of my invention.

I claim:

1. In combination in electrical apparatus: an electron discharge device; and a tunable resonant circuit coupled to said electron discharge device and including a variable inductor comprising a first member of relatively high magnetic permeability, a second member having relatively high electrical conductivity, and an inductance coil positioned between said members, means for supporting said members and said coil in such movable relation to each other that a decrease in distance between one of said members and said coil is accompanied by a simultaa,ss1,ese

2. In combination in electrical apparatus: a

radio frequency oscillator including an electron discharge device; a tunable resonant circuit coupled to said electron discharge device and including a variable inductor comprising a first member having relatively high magnetic permeability, 'a second member having relatively high electrical conductivity, and an inductance coil supported between said members for movement in a plane such that motion of said coil toward one of said members is accompanied by simultaneous motion of said coil away from the other of said members; and a mechanical coupling member attached to said coil for transmission of external forces thereto to produce displacement of said coil in said plane with respect to said first and second members; the permeability of said first member, the conductivity of said second member and the spacing between said coil and members being chosen to cause the inductance of said inductance coil to vary as the inverse square of the displacement of said 'coil whereby the frequency of said radio frequency oscillator is varied as a linear function of the displacement of said coil.

3. A variable inductor including: a first mem- .abiy supported between said first and second members and constrained to move in a direction such that an increase in distance between said coil and one of said members is accompanied by a decrease in distance between said coil and the other of said members; and a mechanical coupling member attached to said coil for transmission of external forces to said coil to produce movement thereof; the permeability of said first member, the conductivity of said second member .and the spacing between said coil and members being chosen to cause the inductance of said cell to vary as the inversesquare of the displacement oi said coil.

8. A variable inductor including: a copper educe displacement thereof; the permeability of ber having relatively high magnetic permeability;

a second member having relatively high electrical conductivity; an inductance coil positioned between said members; and means for supporting said members and said coil in such movable resaid iron member, the conductivity of said cop-, per member and the spacing between said coil and members being chosen to cause the inductance of said coil to vary as the inverse square of the displacement of said coil.

9. A variable inductor including: a first member having relatively high magnetic permeability; a

l' n to each other that a'decrease in distance bet. can one of said members and said coil is accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the distance between the other of said members and second member having relatively high electrical conductivity and fixed in predetermined spacerelation with said first member; an inductance coil mounted intermediate said first and second members; said first and second members being mounted for movement relative to said coil along I the axis of said coil in such manner that a ber having relatively high magnetic permeability;

a second member having relatively high electrical conductivity; an inductance coil movably supported between said first and second members and constrained to move in a direction along its axis in such manner that an increase in dis- 1 tance between said coil and one of said members is accompanied by a decrease in distance between said coil and the other of said members; and a mechanical coupling member attached to said coilfor transmission of external forces to said coil to produce movement thereof.

6. A variable inductor including: a copper member; an iron member; an inductance coil movably supported between said copper and iron members and constrained to move in a-direction along its axis in such manner that an increase in distance between said coil and one of said members is accompanied by a decrease in the distance between said coil and the other of said iii members; and a mechanical coupling member attached to said coil for application of external forces to said coil to produce movement thereof.

'7. A variable inductor including: a first member having relatively high magnetic per-meability; a second member having relatively high electrical conductivity; an inductance coil movdecrease in distance between one of said members and said coil is accompanied by an increase in the distance between the other of said members and said coil; and a mechanical coupling member attached to said first and second members for.

transmission of external forces to said members to produce displacement thereof.

10. A variable inductor including: a first member having relatively high magnetic permeability; a second member having relatively high electrical conductivity and fixed in predetermined space relation with said first member; an inductance coil mounted intermediate said first and second members; said first and second members being mounted for movement relative to said coil along the axis of said coil in such manner that a decrease in distance between one of said members and said coil is accompanied by an increase in the distance between the other of said members and said coil; and a mechanical coupling member attached to said first and second members for transmission of external forces to said members to produce displacement thereof; the permeability of said first member, the conductivity of said second member and the spacing between said coil aosnese iron and copper members being spaced a predetermined distance apart and from said coil to assure an inverse square relationship between the displacement of said coil and the inductance thereof.

12. A variable inductor including: a first member having relatively high magnetic permeability; a second member having relatively high electrical conductivity; an inductance coil positioned between said members and having a reference position in which said coil is coupled to both of said members; and means for supporting said members and said coil in such movable space relation to each other that relative motion of said coil and said members effects simultaneously an increase in the coupling between said coil and one of said members and a decrease in the coupling between said coil and the other of said members.

13. A variable inductor including: an iron member; a copper member; an inductance coll positioned between said members and having a reference position in which said coil is coupled to both of said members; and means for supporting said members and said, coil in such movable space relation to each other that relative motion of said coil and said members effects simultaneously an cluded in said frequency determining circuit and comprising a first member having relatively high magnetic permeability, a second member having relatively high electrical conductivity, and an inductance coil supported between said members for movement relative thereto; and a stylus adapted to track the undulations of .a movable record medium and mechanically coupled to said coil to effect such movement thereof that a decrease in the distance between one of said members and said coil is accompanied by an increase in the distance between the other of said members and said coil.

17. In a phonograph pickup: an electron discharge device having an electrode system; a frequency determining circuit coupled to said electrode-system to constitute with said device an oscillation generator for producing oscillations of super-audible frequency; a variable inductor included in said frequency determining circuit and comprising a first member having relatively high magnetic permeability. a second member having relatively high electrical conductivity, and

. an inductance coil supported between said memincrease in the coupling between said coil and one of said members and a decrease in the coupling between said coil and the other of said members.

14. A variable inductor comprising: an inductance coil pivoted for rotation in a plane perpendicular to its axis; a first conductive member and a first ferromagnetic member supported on opposite sides of said axis and adjacent one side of said coil; a second ferromagnetic member and a second conductive member supported on opposite sides of said axis and adjacent the other side of said coil with said second ferromagnetic member opposing said first conductive member and said second conductive member opposing said first ferromagnetic member; and a mechanical coupling member attached to said coil for transmission of external forces to said coil to produce rotation thereof.

15. A variable inductor comprising: an inductance coil pivoted for rotation in a plane perpendicular to its axis; a first copper member and a first iron member supported on opposite sides of said axis and adJacent one side of said coil; a second iron member and a second copper member supported on opposite sides of said axis and adjacent the other side of said coil with said second iron member opposing said first iron member; and a mechanical coupling member attached to said coil for transmission of external forces to said coil to produce rotation thereof.

16. In a phonograph pickup: an electron discharge device having an electrode system; a frequency determining circuit coupled to said electrode system to constitute with said device an oscillation generator for producing oscillations of super-audible frequency; a variable inductor inbers for movement relative thereto; and a stylus adapted to track the undulations of a movable record medium and mechanically coupled to said coil to effect such movement thereof that a decreasein the distance between one of said members and said coil is accompanied by an increase in the distance between the other of said members and said coil; the permeability of said first member, the conductivity of said second member, and the space relation of said coil and 'said members being chosen to cause the inductance of said coil to vary as the inverse square of the displacement thereof.

18. In a honograph pickup: an electron discharge device having an electrode system; a frequency determining circuit coupled to said electrode system to constitute with said device an oscillation generator for producing oscillations of super-audible frequency; a variable inductor included in said frequency determining circuit and comprising an iron member, a copper member and an inductance coil supported between said members for movement relative thereto; and a stylus adapted to track the undulations of a movable record medium and mechanically coupled to said coil to efiect such movement thereof that a decrease in the distance between one of said members and said coil is accompanied by an increase in the distance between the other REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,410,329 Albright -a Oct. 29, 1948 2,419,573 Lawlor Aug. 29, 1947 2,436,129 Weathers Feb. 17, 1948 

